Custom Wavefront LASIK Eye Surgery – Personalized Correction
Custom LASIK (also called wavefront LASIK or wavefront-guided LASIK) is an advanced form of LASIK surgery that is capable of producing sharper vision than conventional, non-wavefront LASIK.
Higher-Order Aberrations
To understand the value of custom LASIK, it's important to know that every eye is unique and that the human eye is not a perfect optical system.
Nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism are vision problems (or, more accurately, refractive errors) most patients recognize. But virtually every eye also has subtle optical errors called "higher-order aberrations." Higher-order aberrations have less familiar, even strange, names like spherical aberration, coma and trefoil.
Though it's estimated that higher-order aberrations typically account for no more than 10 percent of the total refractive error of an average eye, these subtle optical defects contribute to glare, halos, starbursts and other vision problems—especially in low-light situations, such as driving at night.
Wavefront Aberrometry: Detecting Higher-Order Aberrations
Higher-order aberrations (HOAs) cannot be detected by the tests performed in a traditional eye exam. Even if your eye doctor uses automated instruments to determine your eyeglasses prescription, it is likely these instruments only measure nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism.
Detecting and measuring higher-order aberrations require advanced technology called wavefront analysis.
A wavefront is a three-dimensional representation of the optical quality of a beam of light. If the optical quality of the light beam is "perfect"—that is, it has not been degraded by aberrations in an optical system (the eye, for example)—the wavefront is flat. When the light beam is distorted by optical aberrations, such as HOAs, the wavefront has a disrupted shape.
Wavefronts of the human eye are measured by automated instruments called aberrometers. Wavefront aberrometers objectively measure the overall refractive power and refractive errors of the eye, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism and a variety of higher-order aberrations. The aberrometer then displays a highly detailed, three-dimensional "map" of all the optical irregularities of the eye—including higher-order aberrations.
Custom LASIK is Wavefront-Guided LASIK
In custom LASIK, the data from the wavefront aberrometer is transferred to the computer on the excimer laser that reshapes the cornea. Rather than simply being programmed to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness and/or astigmatism (as in conventional LASIK) the excimer laser is programmed to deliver a much more complex ablation pattern in custom LASIK to reduce or eliminate higher-order aberrations as well as traditional refractive errors.
In other words, in custom LASIK, the excimer laser is wavefront-guided, not guided by just an eyeglasses prescription.
It is important to know that it's virtually impossible to eliminate all higher-order aberrations of the eye with wavefront-guided LASIK. In fact, all LASIK procedures (both conventional LASIK and custom LASIK) actually create some HOAs during the flap creation and laser ablation processes.
But studies have shown that custom LASIK produces fewer higher-order aberrations than conventional LASIK, and, by reducing pre-existing HOAs in the eye, wavefront LASIK typically produces a post-surgical eye that has fewer higher-order aberrations than eyes that have undergone conventional, non-wavefront LASIK.
Wavefront LASIK Provides Better Night Driving Vision
So what is the bottom-line benefit of custom LASIK?
At the 2008 annual meeting of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons, San Diego refractive surgeon Steven C. Schallhorn, MD reported the findings of a study that compared the night driving vision of patients who underwent custom LASIK to that of patients who underwent conventional LASIK.
The wavefront LASIK that the first group of patients underwent also was an all-laser procedure, with the corneal flap created with a femtosecond laser. The conventional LASIK procedure for the second group of patients was a traditional, single laser procedure, with the corneal flap created with a hand-held, bladed microkeratome.
Vision testing was performed with a night driving simulator, which created conditions of driving on a dark highway at night at a speed of 55 miles per hour. Test criteria included the subjects' ability to detect and identify road signs and hazards, with and without the presence of a glare source.
Patients who underwent all-laser, wavefront-guided LASIK scored better on the night driving simulator tests after LASIK than they did before surgery. On average, this group could detect and recognize objects from a greater distance (up to 29 feet) after LASIK than they could while wearing corrective lenses prior to surgery.
On the other hand, patients who underwent conventional LASIK experienced a decrease in night vision performance after surgery compared to their scores prior to surgery. On average, these patients had to be up to 28 feet closer to objects to detect and recognize them after surgery, compared to their pre-operative scores with corrective lenses.
Based on the results of their study, Dr. Schallhorn and his colleagues concluded that treatment of moderate myopia with custom LASIK "significantly improved mean night driving visual performance" and provided significantly better night vision than conventional LASIK.
Custom LASIK Options
Several manufacturers offer laser platforms for customized, wavefront-guided LASIK. The most popular wavefront LASIK procedures performed in the United States are:
- iLASIK
- Allegretto Wave
- Zyoptix
Abbott Medical Optics (AMO), based in Santa Ana, California, owns the excimer laser systems for iLASIK. The system for Allegretto Wave is owned by Alcon, Inc. (Hünenberg, Switzerland) and the system for Zyoptix is owned by Bausch & Lomb (Rochester, New York).
Of these, AMO's iLASIK laser platforms is the most popular, with an estimated LASIK market share of over 50 percent.
According to data on file at AMO, clinical studies of the iLASIK wavefront LASIK procedure show that at one year after treatment:
- 98 percent of mild-to-moderately nearsighted patients could see 20/20 or better without corrective lenses.
- 100 percent of mild-to-moderately nearsighted patients and more than 95 percent of patients with mixed astigmatism could pass a driving test without glasses or contact lenses.
- Four times as many mild-to-moderately nearsighted participants were very satisfied with their night vision, compared to their night vision before treatment with glasses or contacts.
Clinical studies of the Allegro Wave and Zyoptix excimer laser platforms indicate these systems produce comparable outcomes to the AMO laser platforms for wavefront-guided LASIK. LASIK for farsightedness can be performed using wavefront-guided LASIK as well.
Recovery After Wavefront-Guided LASIK
Visual recovery after custom LASIK is virtually the same as the recovery time after LASIK that does not involve wavefront technology.
Typically, vision stabilizes within a few weeks after surgery, though in some cases it may take longer.
Custom LASIK Cost
Due to the advanced technology and additional equipment required to perform wavefront-guided LASIK, this customized procedure typically costs several hundred dollars per eye more than conventional (non-wavefront) LASIK, especially if the custom LASIK is an all-laser procedure.
According to a survey of refractive surgeons by a leading industry analyst that was commissioned by AllAboutVision.com, the average price for all-laser, wavefront-guided LASIK performed in the United States in early 2010 was approximately $2,170 per eye.
Ask your LASIK surgeon for the exact costs associated with your custom LASIK procedure during your pre-operative consultation. It is important to understand all the services that are included as part of the LASIK eye surgery cost. If you choose to undergo another type of laser eye surgery, such as PRK, LASEK or Epi LASIK, inquire about the costs and payment options offered for these treatments.
Note: This information is for general education purposes only. It is not to be used as a substitute for medical advice from your eye doctor or refractive surgeon.
